Our fully electric system consists of energy storage, inverters and electric machines running loads such as wheels, hydraulic pumps and other loads. Energy storage is usually charged from the grid and used to feed the load, while inverters are used to control the machine running the load.

In fully-electric systems, all the loads are electrically driven. Energy recovery is possible from braking or other deceleration functions.

Serial hybrid is a system where power can be changed from mechanical to electrical and vice-versa, depending on where the power is needed. Generators are connected to the internal combustion engine (ICE), while the electric motors are connected to the load, with inverters controlling both the generators and motors. There is also energy storage, typically in the form of a battery or supercapacitor, connected between the generator and load.

In parallel hybrid systems, there is one electric machine that acts as either a generator or motor, depending on the operation point. This machine is connected to the internal combustion engine (ICE) with the load is connected to both the ICE and generator. The electric machine is also connected to energy storage via the inverter, which controls when the energy storage is charged (generator) and discharged (motor).

This energy storage unit can be used to support the ICE. In situations when the load is higher, reducing the load and peaks is handled by the ICE. It then recharges when the ICE load is lower.